The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique which is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission, photoconductivity or Raman scattering of a solid, liquid or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects spectral data in a wide spectral range. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time.

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Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique to measure the mass of atoms or molecules of a gas e.g. evaporated from a sample material which has been heated up. The spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.

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During heating samples often undergo phase transitions and/or weight change due to evaporation of solvents and/or chemical reactions. These changes can be detected by thermal analysis: calorimetric techniques (DTA and DSC) give information about the heat involved in these processes and thermogravimetry (TG) shows the weight change.

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